AUTHOR'S METHODOLOGY

INTEGRATION OF LOAD-BEARING MONOLITHIC
REINFORCED-CONCRETE STRUCTURES INTO THE BUILDING STRUCTURE

for seismic zones and tropical climates

Scope of application. One- and two-storey monolithic buildings, villas, and low-rise complexes in which the load-bearing structure is technologically and architecturally integrated with the layout, walls, floor slabs, and building services.

Methodology Developer

KONSTANTIN GRACHEV

Certified International Construction Manager
specializing in reinforced-concrete structure integration
and construction management

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

Title

1

Abstract

2

Introduction

3

Original Basis of the Methodology

4

Essence of the IRCS-KG Methodology

5

System of Principles

6

Geometric Column System

7

Unified Reinforcement System

8

Integration of Beams, Columns, and Floor Slabs

9

Seismic-Resistant Building Model

10

Materials, Monolithic Continuity, and Durability

11

Tropical Climate, Waterproofing, and Drainage

12

Architectural and Aesthetic Integration

13

Construction Technology Model

14

Quality System

15

Structural Basis for the Parameters

16

Practical Significance and Applicability

17

Conclusion

A

Summary Technical Parameters

B

Regulatory Framework

 

 

 

1. Abstract

This document presents Konstantin Grachev's original methodology for creating an integrated monolithic reinforced-concrete load-bearing system for buildings located in seismic regions and operated in humid tropical climates. The methodology combines architectural geometry, the structural analysis model, reinforcement, monolithic construction technology, quality control, waterproofing, and drainage into a unified system of solutions.

Konstantin Grachev's central development is a family of three column types: Single, L-shape, and T-shape. Their cross-sections are coordinated with the wall module and planning junctions. Varying the geometry of a load-bearing element simultaneously enhances spatial stability, preserves continuity of load paths, and achieves a coherent architectural result.

Columns, beams, girders, floor slabs, and foundations are treated as a single monolithic frame. Ø16 A500CE longitudinal reinforcement, closed Ø8 transverse reinforcement, reduced tie spacing in support and joint zones, concrete not lower than B25/M350, and continuous structural connections between elements form the technical basis of the methodology.

Author's formula. Architectural geometry + structural continuity + enhanced reinforcement + monolithic continuity + climate protection = an integrated building load-bearing system.

2. Introduction

2.1. Background to the Development

In the low-rise architecture of tropical regions, load-bearing columns are often located within open spaces, at corners, at wall junctions, and adjacent to large glazed openings. At the same time, the building is subjected to horizontal seismic actions, wind loads, temperature- and moisture-induced deformations, and intense precipitation.

Konstantin Grachev combined these conditions into a holistic engineering concept. Instead of repeating a single rectangular cross-section at every point in the building, the methodology applies a coordinated typology in which the column shape corresponds to its architectural position and the direction of the forces it resists. In this way, the load-bearing structure becomes part of the building's spatial composition.

2.2. Purpose of the Methodology

The methodology establishes a unified professional approach to the architectural and structural design and construction of monolithic one- and two-storey buildings. It defines the composition of the original system, its basic parameters, the interrelationship of its elements, the structural logic, technological principles, and expected result.

 

 

3. Original Basis of the Methodology

3.1. Developer

The methodology was developed by Konstantin Grachev, a Construction Manager and specialist in integrating design, structural, and construction solutions. It is based on his professional experience coordinating the design and construction of projects, including monolithic buildings in the seismic regions of Bali, Indonesia.

Konstantin Grachev's professional role in this development is to create a unified architecture of solutions: from selecting load-bearing cross-section geometry and reinforcement distribution to organizing the monolithic construction cycle, climate protection, and verification of the completed result. This approach combines engineering precision with the objectives of Construction Management.

3.2. Original Contribution

• development of a three-type Single, L-shape, and T-shape column system based on a common 200 mm module;

• coordination of cross-sectional areas and the number of longitudinal bars to maintain a constant reinforcement ratio of approximately 2.01%;

• use of enhanced Ø8 transverse confinement at 50 mm spacing in critical zones and 100 mm spacing in the main zone;

• integration of foundations, columns, beams, girders, and floor slabs into a continuous monolithic load path;

• incorporation of waterproofing, concrete cover, curing, and drainage into the load-bearing solution;

• achievement of architectural clarity by locating load-bearing elements within wall thicknesses and planning junctions.

4. Essence of the IRCS-KG Methodology

4.1. Definition

The Integrated Reinforced-Concrete Structures Methodology of Konstantin Grachev (IRCS-KG) is an original system for forming a monolithic frame in which geometry, reinforcement, joints, concreting technology, and climate protection are treated as interrelated properties of a single building.

4.2. System Components

Subsystem

Content of the Original Solution

Architectural

Coordination of columns with corners, intersections, and wall planes.

Geometric

Three section types based on a 200 mm module: Single, L-shape, and T-shape.

Structural

Continuous paths for transferring vertical and horizontal forces.

Reinforcement

Constant longitudinal reinforcement ratio and enhanced transverse confinement.

Monolithic

Combined action of foundations, columns, beams, girders, and floor slabs.

Climatic

Concrete cover, concrete composition, waterproofing, curing, and drainage.

Aesthetic

Clean wall planes and harmonious integration of structures into the interior.

 

 

 

5. System of Principles

5.1. Principle of Structural and Architectural Unity

The load-bearing structure is developed simultaneously with the architecture. The positions of walls, corners, openings, and functional zones determine the integrated column type, while the structural grid supports the integrity of the layout.

5.2. Principle of a Continuous Load Path

Loads are transferred from floor slabs through beams and girders to columns and then to foundations without interruption of the structural logic. Monolithic joints connect the elements into a spatial system that resists seismic actions in two horizontal directions.

5.3. Principle of Geometric Adaptation

The column shape changes according to its location: Single columns are used in straight wall segments, L-shape columns at corners, and T-shape columns at wall junctions and intersections. The 200 mm module ensures architectural compatibility.

5.4. Principle of Uniform Reinforcement Ratio

The number of Ø16 bars increases in proportion to the cross-sectional area. For all three column types, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio remains approximately 2.01%, creating a consistent structural language throughout the frame.

5.5. Principle of Enhanced Transverse Confinement

Closed Ø8 ties with 135° seismic hooks restrain the longitudinal bars, confine the concrete core, and sustain cross-sectional performance under cyclic load reversals. Tie spacing is 50 mm in critical support and joint zones and 100 mm in the main portions of the elements.

5.6. Principle of Climatic Durability

Concrete composition, cover, curing, waterproofing, joint sealing, and drainage form a unified system for protecting structures against moisture, heavy rainfall, and corrosive exposure.

Integrity of the methodology. Each principle reinforces the others: geometry supports the architecture, reinforcement supports the geometry, monolithic continuity unifies the elements, and climate protection preserves their design properties.

 

 

6. Geometric Column System

6.1. Modular Typology

The geometric system is based on a 200 mm construction module. It is used as the thickness of the principal legs of L- and T-shaped sections and as the smaller dimension of the rectangular Single column. The common module coordinates load-bearing elements with the planning grid and the thickness of structural walls.

Column Type

Geometry

Location in the Building

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Single

200×400 mm

straight wall segments and internal supports

8Ø16

L-shape

400×400 mm overall; 200 mm legs

external and internal building corners

12Ø16

T-shape

200×600 mm stem + 200×200 mm leg

wall junctions and intersections

16Ø16

 

6.2. Single Column

The 200×400 mm rectangular cross-section is the basic element of the system. Eight Ø16 bars are arranged around the section perimeter and enclosed by closed Ø8 ties. The column is integrated into a straight wall segment, maintaining the wall plane and providing resistance in both principal directions.

6.3. L-shape Column

The L-shaped cross-section, with overall external dimensions of 400×400 mm and 200 mm thick legs, forms a strengthened corner joint. Twelve Ø16 bars are distributed along the perimeter of both legs. Composite closed ties connect the corner core and ensure the combined action of the section components.

6.4. T-shape Column

The T-shaped cross-section consists of a 200×600 mm stem and an adjoining 200×200 mm leg. Sixteen Ø16 bars form an extended reinforced perimeter. The column is used at wall junctions, where it connects several directions of the structural grid and increases the spatial continuity of the frame.

 

 

7. Unified Reinforcement System

7.1. Longitudinal Reinforcement

Column longitudinal reinforcement consists of Ø16 A500CE bars. The bars are arranged along the outer perimeters of the legs, at corner points, and where the section changes direction. Continuity of longitudinal reinforcement supports force transfer between foundations, columns, and upper joints.

Type

Concrete Area Ag, mm²

Reinforcement

Area As, mm²

ρ, %

Single

80 000

8Ø16

1 608.5

2.011

L-shape

120 000

12Ø16

2 412.7

2.011

T-shape

160 000

16Ø16

3 217.0

2.011

 

The equal reinforcement ratio is an important feature of the original modular system. From Single to L-shape and T-shape columns, the concrete area and number of longitudinal bars increase proportionally.

7.2. Transverse Reinforcement

Transverse reinforcement consists of closed Ø8 ties. A spacing of 50 mm is used in critical zones adjacent to foundations, beam-column joints, and member ends. A spacing of 100 mm is used in the main portions of columns and beams. The ties have 135° seismic hooks, tail lengths of at least 10d, and an internal bend diameter of at least 4d.

Zone

Tie

Spacing

Function

Support and joint zone

Ø8, closed/composite

50 mm

intensive confinement of the concrete core

Main portion of the member

Ø8, closed/composite

100 mm

restraint of longitudinal bars and shear resistance

Beam-column joint

Ø8, continuous perimeter

50 mm

joint integrity under cyclic loading

 

7.3. Structural Coordination

Composite ties and cross-ties are used for L- and T-sections to enclose every leg and restrain each longitudinal bar. The reinforcement cage forms a spatially stable assembly that maintains its geometry during installation, concrete placement, and vibration.

 

 

8. Integration of Beams, Columns, and Floor Slabs

8.1. Beam System

The methodology uses a monolithic beam with a basic cross-section of 200×450 mm. For a typical span of 3.40 m, continuous upper and lower Ø16 longitudinal reinforcement is provided, together with additional top reinforcement over supports and additional bottom reinforcement within the span.

Parameter

Specified Solution

Beam cross-section

200×450 mm

Typical span

3.40 m

Longitudinal reinforcement

continuous upper and lower Ø16 bars; additional Ø16 bars in moment zones

Transverse reinforcement

closed Ø8 ties: 50 mm spacing at supports and joints; 100 mm within the span

Connection to column

monolithic joint with continuous transverse confinement

Connection to floor slab

combined concreting or a designed construction joint with continuous anchorage

 

8.2. Beam-Column Joint

The joint combines column longitudinal bars, beam flexural reinforcement, transverse confinement, and slab reinforcement within a compact monolithic volume. The column longitudinal bars pass continuously through the joint. Beam reinforcement is anchored within the design core, while column ties are maintained throughout the full height of the joint zone at 50 mm spacing.

8.3. Floor Slab as a Horizontal Diaphragm

The monolithic floor slab connects the vertical elements, distributes horizontal inertial forces, and transfers them to columns and walls. Its connection to beams and girders creates a rigid horizontal diaphragm that supports the building's three-dimensional response.

Monolithic effect. The column, beam, and floor slab do not act as separate components, but as a continuous system in which deformations and forces are redistributed among interconnected elements.

 

 

9. Seismic-Resistant Building Model

9.1. Three-Dimensional Structural Action

The system's seismic resistance is created by the combination of the frame's three-dimensional geometry, monolithic diaphragms, developed corner and T-shaped supports, enhanced transverse reinforcement, and continuous joints. The structural system resists horizontal actions in two directions and redistributes forces among interconnected frame lines.

9.2. Role of the Three Column Types

Type

Role in the Spatial System

Structural Effect

Single

support for a straight frame line

stable transfer of axial force, bending, and shear

L-shape

connection between two orthogonal directions at a corner

increased corner-joint stiffness and connection of facade lines

T-shape

connection of adjoining frame lines

spatial force distribution and strengthening of the wall junction

 

9.3. Ductility and Confinement

Close tie spacing in support zones increases confinement of the concrete core, maintains the positions of longitudinal bars, and supports ductile member behavior under cyclic load reversals. The 135° hooks ensure closure of the transverse reinforcement perimeter.

9.4. Regularity and Symmetry of Connections

Columns are distributed in plan so that load paths remain continuous and stiffness in both directions is coordinated. L- and T-shaped elements establish structural connections at corners and intersections, reducing local deformation concentrations and supporting the combined action of the building components.

9.5. Foundations

Foundations are connected by grade beams or a monolithic mat. Column starter bars continuously transfer forces into the foundations. The support zone of each column is reinforced with Ø8 ties at 50 mm spacing, forming a strengthened lower region of the spatial frame.

 

 

10. Materials, Monolithic Continuity, and Durability

10.1. Concrete

The methodology specifies normal-weight structural concrete of at least class B25, with a supplied grade not lower than M350 and a specified cylinder compressive strength f'c of at least 25 MPa. The mix design provides the required strength, workability in heavily reinforced joints, density, low permeability, and durability in a humid environment.

10.2. Reinforcing Steel

Primary longitudinal reinforcement consists of 16 mm diameter A500CE reinforcing steel. Transverse reinforcement consists of 8 mm diameter steel. Weldability, ductility, yield strength, and geometric characteristics are verified by quality certificates and incoming inspection.

Component

Basic Parameter

Purpose

Concrete

B25 / M350; f'c ≥ 25 MPa

strength, monolithic continuity, density, and durability

Longitudinal reinforcement

A500CE, Ø16

resistance to axial force and bending moments

Transverse reinforcement

Ø8, 50/100 mm spacing

core confinement, bar restraint, and shear resistance

Concrete cover

40–75 mm according to member location

fire resistance, bond, and corrosion protection

Waterproofing elements

waterstops, membranes, sealants

continuity of the waterproofing envelope

 

10.3. Monolithic Continuity

Monolithic continuity is ensured by coordinated construction-joint locations, continuous reinforcement, surface preparation, concrete placement in layers, and thorough vibration. At L- and T-shaped column joints, the mix has sufficient workability to fill all legs and the spaces between composite ties.

10.4. Concrete Cover

A nominal cover of 40 mm is specified for above-ground columns and beams. A cover of 50 mm is used for external elements, wet areas, and structures adjacent to pools. A cover of 75 mm is used for surfaces cast directly against soil. Spacers maintain the design position of the reinforcement cage during concreting.

 

 

11. Tropical Climate, Waterproofing, and Drainage

11.1. Climatic Subsystem

High humidity, intense precipitation, solar heating, proximity to pools, and potential chloride exposure are considered by the methodology on an equal basis with structural actions. Durability is established through the quality of the concrete matrix, cover thickness, waterproofing continuity, and rapid water removal.

Climatic Factor

Integrated Solution

Intense rainfall

roof and site gradients, organized drains, overflows, and emergency discharge

High humidity

dense concrete, controlled W/C ratio, concrete cover, and surface curing

Pools and wet areas

continuous waterproofing, waterstops at joints, and sealed penetrations

Ground moisture

subgrade preparation, vertical and horizontal waterproofing, and drainage

Solar heating

protection of fresh concrete, moisture retention, and reduction of thermal gradients

Coastal environment

increased concrete cover, concrete density, and chloride control

 

11.2. Continuous Waterproofing Envelope

Waterproofing for foundations, plinths, pools, terraces, and wet rooms is connected into a continuous envelope. Construction and movement joints are fitted with waterstops. Building-services penetrations are sealed with compatible materials and placed within preformed sleeves.

11.3. Drainage

Site grading, entrance elevations, perimeter paving, drainage strips, channels, and stormwater lines form a unified system. Water is directed away from foundations and from column-to-horizontal-surface junctions. The elimination of ponding zones supports the durability of concrete, reinforcement, and finish layers.

11.4. Concrete Curing

After finishing, the surface is protected from sun, wind, and rain, kept moist, and maintained under stable temperature conditions. Curing promotes strength development, reduces early-age shrinkage, and preserves the density of the surface layer.

 

 

12. Architectural and Aesthetic Integration

12.1. Load-Bearing Structure as Part of the Architecture

Within IRCS-KG, the structure is neither concealed by arbitrary finishes nor perceived as a foreign element. Columns align with wall planes, corner lines, and junctions. As a result, spaces retain clean geometry, unobstructed circulation, and a clear spatial composition.

12.2. Aesthetics of Precision

The aesthetic result is achieved through accurate setting-out axes, formwork geometry, consistent concrete cover, and concrete surface quality. Structural precision reduces the need for leveling layers and maintains alignment among architectural, finish, and building-services planes.

12.3. Integration of Building Services

Sleeves, embedded items, recesses, and penetrations are incorporated into the coordinated model before concreting. Building-services routes are placed adjacent to load-bearing elements without disrupting reinforcement arrangements. This preserves frame strength and ensures a clean architectural finish to the spaces.

13. Construction Technology Model

13.1. Unified Monolithic Construction Cycle

The construction technology model covers surveying and setting-out, reinforcement-cage fabrication, formwork assembly, concreting, vibration, curing, and formwork removal as interconnected stages in forming the load-bearing system. The geometry of Single, L-, and T-sections is maintained throughout every stage of the cycle.

13.2. Three-Dimensional Reinforcement Cages

L- and T-column cages are assembled from coordinated closed reinforcement arrangements. Cross-ties restrain the Ø16 bars, maintain the specified concrete cover, and provide clear spaces for concrete flow and vibrator access.

13.3. Concreting Complex Cross-Sections

The mix is distributed uniformly through all section legs and consolidated by vibration in layers. Particular attention is paid to re-entrant corners, tie intersections, and beam-column joints. Continuous placement forms a homogeneous monolithic volume.

13.4. Construction Coordination

Construction Management coordinates the architecture, structural concrete design, building services, work sequencing, and deliveries. The original methodology translates the integrated structural concept into a manageable construction result with consistent geometry and quality parameters.

 

 

14. Quality System

14.1. Quality as an Attribute of the Methodology

Quality control is embedded in the architecture of IRCS-KG. Verification of geometry, reinforcement, concrete mix, cover, monolithic joints, waterproofing, and drainage confirms that the original structural concept is preserved in the completed building.

Inspection Item

Primary Parameter

Verification Record

Geometry

axes, Single/L/T dimensions, verticality, and elevations

as-built survey drawing

Longitudinal reinforcement

Ø16, quantities 8/12/16, continuity, and anchorage

concealed-works inspection certificate

Ties

Ø8, 50/100 mm spacing, closure, and 135° hooks

reinforcement inspection record

Concrete cover

40/50/75 mm according to member location

measurements and photographic record

Concrete mix

B25/M350, f'c ≥ 25 MPa, workability, and temperature

delivery certificate and concreting log

Concrete strength

sets of control specimens tested at specified ages

laboratory test reports

Waterproofing

continuity, laps, waterstops, and penetrations

concealed-works certificate and testing

Drainage

gradients, routes, and capacity

as-built drawing and flow test

 

14.2. Concrete Mix Control

Each controlled delivery is identified by mix design, batching time, temperature, and workability indicator. Strength is verified using sets of specimens made from the same batch and tested at the specified ages. The results are linked to the relevant concrete placement area and frame elements.

14.3. As-Built Traceability

As-built documentation links the structural analysis model, construction drawings, actual geometry, material batches, test results, and waterproofing works. This traceability confirms implementation of the methodology in the completed facility.

 

 

15. Structural Basis for the Parameters

15.1. Reinforcement Area

The area of one Ø16 bar is Aφ = πd²/4 = 201.06 mm². The longitudinal reinforcement ratio is defined as the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement area As to gross concrete section area Ag.

Type

Ag Calculation

As Calculation

Resulting ρ

Single

200×400 = 80 000 mm²

8×201.06 = 1 608.5 mm²

2.011%

L-shape

400×400 − 200×200 = 120 000 mm²

12×201.06 = 2 412.7 mm²

2.011%

T-shape

200×600 + 200×200 = 160 000 mm²

16×201.06 = 3 217.0 mm²

2.011%

 

The identical resulting value of ρ confirms the internal consistency of the three-type system and the proportional increase in load-bearing cross-section.

15.2. Transverse Reinforcement

The specified 50 mm spacing in critical zones equals one quarter of the minimum 200 mm section dimension. The 100 mm spacing in the main zone provides uniform transverse restraint of the longitudinal bars and twice the reinforcement density in joint regions.

15.3. Basic Beam

For a 200×450 mm beam with a 3.40 m span, the span-to-depth ratio is L/h = 3400/450 = 7.56. At a design density of 25 kN/m³ for normal-weight concrete, the beam self-weight is 0.20×0.45×25 = 2.25 kN/m, or 7.65 kN over the typical span.

15.4. Structural Analysis Model

The three-dimensional structural analysis model incorporates the actual centroids of the L- and T-sections, rigid floor diaphragms, monolithic joints, foundations, subgrade, and the seismic spectrum for the project location. Columns are analyzed under the combined effects of axial force, bending moments about both axes, shear forces, and torsion.

Structural integrity. Geometric parameters, reinforcement, and monolithic connections form a coordinated basis for three-dimensional seismic analysis of the building.

 

 

16. Practical Significance and Applicability

16.1. Practical Result

IRCS-KG enables the development of low-rise buildings in which the load-bearing structure does not conflict with the architectural layout but reinforces it. Corner and T-shaped columns create spatial connections, Single columns support straight segments, and beams and floor slabs unite them into a monolithic frame.

16.2. Areas of Application

• one- and two-storey villas and residential buildings;

• low-rise hospitality and recreational complexes;

• buildings with open-plan layouts, large openings, and open terraces;

• facilities with private pools and extensive wet areas;

• construction in seismic regions with humid tropical climates;

• projects in which the load-bearing system must be integrated into the architectural volume.

16.3. Distinctive Features

Feature

Methodology Result

Three column types

geometric adaptation to different architectural junctions

Common 200 mm module

coordination of load-bearing elements with walls and layout

Constant reinforcement ratio ρ ≈ 2.01%

a unified longitudinal reinforcement logic for all sections

Ø8 ties at 50/100 mm spacing

enhanced confinement of critical zones and frame stability

Monolithic load path

combined spatial action of foundations, columns, beams, and floor slabs

Climatic subsystem

durability in humid tropical and coastal environments

Architectural integration

harmonious spaces without arbitrary structural projections

 

17. Conclusion

Konstantin Grachev's original methodology is an integrated engineering and management system in which architecture, load-bearing cross-section geometry, reinforcement, monolithic construction technology, and climate protection are treated as properties of a single building.

The system of Single, L-shape, and T-shape columns creates a modular structural language. Enhanced reinforcement, 50/100 mm tie spacing, B25/M350 concrete, monolithic joints, concrete cover, waterproofing, and drainage provide a robust, spatially integrated, and durable building framework.

The professional value of Konstantin Grachev's development lies in its ability to combine engineering safety, construction efficiency, and architectural aesthetics. As a result, the load-bearing structures are technologically integrated into the building volume, act as a single system, and create a harmonious perception of the completed facility.

 

 

Appendix A. Summary Technical Parameters

Element

Geometry

Longitudinal Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement

Concrete

Single

200×400 mm

8Ø16 A500CE

Ø8: 50 mm in critical zones; 100 mm in the main portion

B25/M350

L-shape

400×400 mm; 200 mm legs

12Ø16 A500CE

composite Ø8: 50/100 mm

B25/M350

T-shape

200×600 + 200×200 mm

16Ø16 A500CE

composite Ø8: 50/100 mm

B25/M350

Beam

200×450 mm; L=3.40 m

continuous and additional Ø16 A500CE

Ø8: 50 mm at supports and joints; 100 mm within the span

B25/M350

 

Concrete Cover

Member Location

Nominal Concrete Cover

Above-ground columns and beams

40 mm

External elements, wet areas, and pools

50 mm

Concrete cast directly against soil

75 mm

 

Appendix B. Regulatory Framework

The methodology has been developed with due regard to current requirements for the design of seismic-resistant buildings, reinforced-concrete structures, materials, concrete works, foundations, durability, and quality control.

1. SNI 1726:2019 — Seismic resistance of buildings and structures

2. SNI 2847:2019 — Requirements for structural concrete

3. SNI 2052:2017 — Reinforcing steel

4. SNI 6880:2016 — Specification for structural concrete

5. SNI 8460:2017 — Geotechnical design

6. SP 14.13330.2018 — Construction in seismic regions

7. SP 63.13330.2018 — Concrete and reinforced-concrete structures

8. SP 70.13330.2012 — Load-bearing and enclosing structures

9. SP 28.13330.2017 — Corrosion protection of building structures

10. GOST 34028-2016 — Reinforcing steel for reinforced concrete

11. GOST 26633-2015 — Heavyweight and fine-grained concrete

12. GOST 7473-2010 — Concrete mixtures

13. GOST 10180-2012 — Determination of concrete strength

14. GOST 18105-2018 — Concrete strength control and assessment

15. GOST 31384-2017 — Corrosion protection of concrete and reinforced concrete